Energy Conversion Tables and Information
Conversion Tables
Calorific Values
Emissions
Other Gas Information
Fuel Comparison Information

Pressure
N/m²
bar
mbar
mm wg
kPa/cm²
1 N/m² = 1 Pa =
1
10-5
10-2
0.102*
1.02 x 10-5
1 bar =
105
1
1000
10200*
1.020
1 mbar =
100
10-3
1
10.2*
1.02
1 mm wg* =
9.81
9.81 x 10-5
0.0987*
1
0.0001
10 mm wg* =
1mbar

Heat
kW
W = J/s
MJ/h
kcal/h
1 kW =
1
1000
3.6
860
1 W = 1 J/s =
0.001
1
3.6 x 10-3
0.86
1 MJ/h =
0.2778
277.8
1
238.8
1 kcal/h =
1.163 x 10-3
1.163
4.1868 x 10-3
1
Energy
kWh
MJ
J=Ws
kcal
1 kWh =
1
3.6
6.6 x 106
860
1 MJ =
0.2778
1
106
238.8
1J = 1 Ws =
2.778 x 10-7
10-6
1
2.388 x 10-4
1 kcal=
1.163 x 10-3
4.1868 x 10-6
4.1868 x 103
1

Calorific Value
MJ/m3
kcal/m3
Btu/ft3
Thermie/1
1 MJ/m3 = 1 238.846 26.8392 2.38927 x 10-4
1 kcal/m3 = 0.0041868 1 0.11237 1.00034 x 10-6
1 Btu/ft3 = 0.0372589 8.89915 1 8.90216 x 10-6
1 Thermie/1 = 4.18538 x 103 9.99662 x 105 1.12332 x 105 1
Therms/UK Gal = 2.3208 x 104 5.54314 x 106 6.22884 x 105 5.545

Volume
m3/h
L/h
UK gal/h
ft3/h
1 m3/h = 1 1000 220 35.3147
1 1/min = 0.06 60 0.22 2.119
1 ft3/s = 101.94 101938 2.24238 x 104 3600
1 UK Gal/s = 16.37 16366 3600

4.459 x 10-5

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Calorific Values
Commerical Propane 19,900 Btu/lb net and 21,500 gross.
  11,000 kcal/kg net and 11,900 gross.
Commercial Butane 19,700 Btu/lb net and 21,200 gross.
  10,900 kcal/kg net and 11,800 gross
UK Natural Gas is typically 47.32 MJ/kg net and 52.41 MJ/kg gross.
  34.88 MJ/m3 net and 38.63 MJ/m3 gross.

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Emissions
For natural gas
100ppm NOx at 15%O2 equates to 171 mg/MJ th [netCV] or 205 mg/m3 at 15%O2 [NOx as NO2]
100ppm CO at 15%O2 equates to 104 mg/MJ th [netCV] or 125 mg/m3 at 15%O2
100ppm CH4 at 15%O2 equates to 59 mg/MJ th [netCV] or 71 mg/m3 at 15%O2
 
Concentration at reference conditions = Measured concentration x [20.9% - (%O2Ref)] ¸ [20.9% - (%O2 actual)]
 
Note Boilers and furnaces are measured at 3% oxygen and gas turbines at 15% oxygen.

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Other Gas Information
Net to gross heat inputs: the conversion factor varies by furl, for NG it is 1.11 and for Propane is is 1.08.
Thus 60 kW gross NG is about 54kW net.
In addition an appliance at 80% gross efficiency will be about 88% net efficiency.
Limits of Flammability NG = 4.5 to 15%
  Propane = 2 to 10%
  Butane = 1.8 - 9%
Specific heat of NG is about 1.86 kJ/kG per ºC whilst that of water is about 4.18 kJ/kG per ºC.
Relative Density of NG is about 1.36m3/Kg [0.737 kg/m3] whilst that of air is about 2.26 m3/kg. [SG about 0.6].
100 ft3 NG = 30 kW [30.4] or 1 m3 NG = 10 kW [10.7].
Taking NG as 1040 Btu/ft3 or 38.78 MJ/m3 gross.
Dewpoint of combustion products is 59ºC for NG, 55ºC for LPG.
Theoretical combustion air requirements: 9.76 for NG and 24 to 25 for LPG
Stoichiometric dry flue gas concentration of CO2 11.9% for NG and 13.8 to 14% for LPG.

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Fuel Comparison Information

Fuel Price
Grace C/Gas oil
Grade G oil
Propane
p/litre
p/kWh (p/th)
p/kWh (p/th)
P/kWh (p/th)
8
0.75 (20.94)
0.70 (20.57)
1.14 (33.50)
10
0.94 (27.55)
0.88 (25.71)
1.43 (41.87)
12
1.13 (33.18)
1.05 (30.85)
1.71 (50.25)
14
1.32 (38.71)
1.22 (35.75)
2.00 (58.62)
16
1.50 (43.96)
1.40 (41.03)
2.29 (66.99)
18
1.69 (49.53)
1.57 (46.01)
2.57 (75.37)
20
1.88 (55.10)
1.75 (51.29)
2.86 (83.74)
22
2.07 (60.07)
1.92 (56.27)
3.14 (92.12)

1 therm = 29.31 kWh 1 litre Gas Oil = 10.6 kWh 1 litre Grade G oil = 11.4 kWh
1 litre propane = 7 kWh 1 tonne propane = 19,900kWh  
To the best of our ability, the above, the above information is correct but GEA takes no responsibility for errors in its use. If you see an error, please email us.

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